Effect of Autogenic Training for Stress Response: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of autogenic training on stress responses through a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted using eight core electronic databases (Embase, CENTRAL, Medline, CINAHL, PsycInfo, DBpia, KISS, and RISS). To estimate the effect size, a meta-analysis of the studies was performed using RevMan 5.3.5 program. RESULTS: A total 21 studies out of 950 studies were included in the review, and 11 were included for meta-analysis. These studies showed that autogenic training decreased anxiety and depression, and increased the high frequency of heart rate variability. Calculations to understand the effect of autogenic training on anxiety, through a meta-analysis, observed a reduction effect of anxiety score by 1.37 points (n=85, SMD=−1.37: 95% CI −2.07 to −0.67), in the studies on short-term intervention targeting healthy adults. On the other hand, similar calculations to understand the effect of autogenic training on depression observed, a reduction effect on the depression score by 0.29 point (n=327, SMD=−0.29: 95% CI −0.50 to −0.07), in the studies on long term intervention targeting the patient group. CONCLUSION: Autogenic training is effective for adults' stress management, and nurses will be able to effectively perform autogenic training programs for workers' stress relief at the workplace.

The Effectiveness of Progressive Muscle Relaxation on the Postpartum Quality of Life: A Randomized Controlled Trial

PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) on the quality of life of women during postpartum period. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial design was used. The participants consisted of primiparous women who had experienced a vaginal birth in the obstetrics department of a hospital. Thirty women in the intervention group and 30 women in the control group were included. Data were collected using the Maternal Postpartum Quality of Life Questionnaire (MAPP-QoL) between June 2016 and April 2017. PMR was applied to the intervention group. PMR was performed as contracting a muscle group and then relaxing it, moving (or progressing) from one muscle group to another. RESULTS: The mean pretest and posttest scores of the MAPP-QoL in the intervention group were 24.43 ± 4.58 and 26.07 ± 4.58, respectively (t = −2.73, p .05), whereas the difference between the groups after PMR was found to be statistically significant (t = 3.09, p < .05). CONCLUSION: Postpartum quality of life of women was increased after PMR. It is recommended that PMR be taught to women who are admitted to obstetrics and outpatient clinics and home visits be completed to expand the use of PMR.

Progressive Muscle Relaxation Combined with Chinese Medicine Five-Element Music on Depression for Cancer Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial / 中国结合医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>To evaluate the effects of progressive muscle relaxation training (PMRT) combined with fifive elements music therapy of Chinese medicine (CM) for improving anxiety and depression of cancer patients.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From June 2015 to March 2016, 60 cancer patients were included into the study. The patients were randomly assigned to a control group and a treatment group by envelope randomization, receiving PMRT and PMRT plus CM five elements music therapy, respectively, for 8 weeks. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Benefit Finding Scales (BFS), Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Spiritual (FACIT-Sp), and Intervention Expectations Questionnaire (IEQU) were adopted to assess the depression of the two groups before and after the treatment.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Four cases dropped out during the study, and 29 cases in the treatment group and 27 in the control group were included in the fifinal analysis. Prior to the treatments, the baselines of the 4 questionnaires in the two groups showed no difference. After the 8-week treatment, the treatment group presented better levels of HADS, BFS and FACIT-Sp scores compared with the control group (P<0.05). Among the single items of HADS, 4 items involving vexation, feeling fifidgeted, pleasure and prospecting the future in the treatment group were improved compared with the control group (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>As a simple and reliable and effective intervention, PMRT combined with fifive elements music therapy mitigated anxiety and depression of cancer patients. Cancer patients have been found to respond well to psychological intervention in areas regarding stabilisation of emotions, disease awareness, and therapeutic compliance. This brings about a great difference in improving their quality of life and psychological state, offers an effective approach to better self-management in cancer treatment.</p>

The effects of progressive muscular relaxation as a nursing procedure used for those who suffer from stress due to multiple sclerosis / Efeito do relaxamento muscular progressivo como intervenção de enfermagem no estresse de pessoas com esclerose múltipla / Efecto del relajamiento muscular progresivo como intervención de enfermería en el estrés de personas con esclerosis múltiple

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the effect of progressive muscle relaxation as a nursing procedure on the levels of stress for sufferers of multiple sclerosis. Method: random clinical trials conducted at the Neurology outpatients unit at a University Hospital. The sample consisted of 40 patients who were being monitored as outpatients (20 in a control group and 20 in an experimental group). The Progressive Muscle Relaxation technique was used. The control variables were collected through interviews that were recorded on forms and on the Perceived Stress Scale that we used. Five meetings were held every fortnight covering a period of eight weeks. The experimental group was advised to carry out daily progressive muscle relaxation activities. After eight weeks of these activities, they were evaluated again to measure their levels of stress. In order to analyze the data used, the software package Statistics for Social Sciences version 19.0 was used. Results: the application of the t test showed a significant reduction in the Perceived Stress Scale scores in the experimental group (p<0.001), which in turn proved that there was a reduction in the levels of stress after the application of the relaxation practic-es. Conclusion: the progressive muscle relaxation activities contributed to the reduction in stress levels for multiple sclerosis suffers and thus can be used in nursing for patients. Clinical Trials Identifier: NCT 02673827.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar o efeito do Relaxamento Muscular Progressivo, como intervenção de Enfermagem nos níveis de estresse em pessoas com Esclerose Múltipla. Método: ensaio clínico randomizado conduzido em um ambulatório de Neurologia de um Hospital Universitário. A amostra constituiu-se por 40 pacientes em acompanhamento ambulatorial (20 no grupo controle e 20 no experimental). Empregou-se a técnica de Relaxamento Muscular Progressivo. As variáveis de controle foram coletadas pela técnica de entrevista com registro em formulário e a Escala de Stress Percebido foi aplicada. Foram realizados cinco encontros quinzenais em um período de oito semanas. O grupo experimental foi orientado a realizar diariamente o Relaxamento Muscular Progressivo. Após oito semanas de intervenção avaliou-se novamente os níveis de estresse. Para análise dos dados foi utilizado o pacote Estatístico para Ciências Sociais-versão 19.0. Resultados: a aplicação do Teste t demonstrou uma diminuição significante dos escores da Escala de Stress Percebido no grupo experimental (p<0,001), evidenciando diminuição nos níveis de estresse após a prática do relaxamento. Conclusão: a intervenção Relaxamento Muscular Progressivo contribui para redução dos níveis de estresse em pessoas com Esclerose Múltipla, podendo ser incluída como prática na assistência de enfermagem prestada a esses pacientes. Clinical Trials Identifier: NCT 02673827.

RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar el efecto del Relajamiento Muscular Progresivo, como intervención de Enfermería en los niveles de estrés en personas con Esclerosis Múltiple. Método: ensayo clínico aleatorio conducido en un ambulatorio de Neurología de un Hospital Universitario. La muestra estuvo constituida por 40 pacientes acompañados en ambulatorio (20 en el grupo control y 20 en el experimental). Se empleó la técnica de Relajamiento Muscular Progresivo. Las variables de control fueron recolectadas por la técnica de entrevista con registro en formulario y se aplicó la Escala de Estrés Percibido. Fueron realizados cinco encuentros quincenales en un período de ocho semanas. El grupo experimental fue orientado a realizar diariamente el Relajamiento Muscular Progresivo. Después de ocho semanas de intervención se evaluó nuevamente los niveles de estrés. Para analizar los datos fue utilizado el programa Estadístico para Ciencias Sociales versión 19.0. Resultados: la aplicación de la Prueba t demostró una disminución significativa de los puntajes de la Escala de Estrés Percibido en el grupo experimental (p<0,001), evidenciando la disminución de los niveles de estrés después de la práctica del relajamiento. Conclusión: la intervención Relajamiento Muscular Progresivo contribuye para reducir los niveles de estrés en personas con Esclerosis Múltiple, pudiendo ésta ser incluida como práctica en la asistencia de enfermería prestada a esos pacientes. Clinical Trials Identifier: NCT 02673827.

Effects of Autogenic Training on Stress Response and Heart Rate Variability in Nursing Students

PURPOSE: This study was undertaken to confirm the effects of autogenic training (AT) on stress response and heart rate variability in nursing school students experiencing stress related to clinical training. METHODS: The study was carried out from September 2012 to April 2013 in a quasi-experimental nonequivalent control group using a pretest-posttest design. The participants were 40 nursing students in their third year at either of two nursing colleges. All consented to participate. Nineteen nursing students at one college were assigned to the experimental group and underwent the 8-week AT program, and the other 21 were assigned to the control group and did not undergo any training. Stress response was assessed by questionnaire and HRV was measured three times, that is, before the program, at the end of the program, and 6 months after the end of the AT program. RESULTS: A significant time/group interaction was found for stress response (F = 4.68, p = .012), a subjective indicator. However, no significant interaction was found for the objective indicators of heart rate variability, normalized low frequency (F = 2.59, p = .090), normalized high frequency (F = 2.59, p = .090), or low frequency to high frequency ratio (F = 1.38, p = .257). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that AT provides an acceptable approach to stress reduction in nursing students.

Psychological Support Before and After Obesity Metabolic Operation is Tried / 임상당뇨병

With an increase in the instances of obesity, the cases of type 2 diabetes, which is caused by obesity, have also increased significantly. Because of this, the number of obesity metabolic operations performed on diabetes patients with obesity is also accumulating, and there has been no concern for implementing approaches to psychological support for these patients. Negative psychologies include anxiety, depression, passive attitude, stress, fear and impulse control disorder, which continuously influence the patient in a vicious circle of recurrence of obesity and diabetes, even after the obesity metabolic operation was attempted. Therefore, for the success of the obesity metabolic operation and the continuation of self-management of obesity and diabetes post-operation, psychological support is very important. Post-operative psychological support approaches include a respiration method, autogenic training, self-expression training, a stress reduction program, thought-change training and communication skills.

Evidence-based stress management: focusing on nonpharmacological procedure which reduce stress and promote health

In modern society, stress is one of the most significant problems affecting physical as well as mental health. Stress, which is defined as a situation in which the homeostasis of the physiological system of one's mind and body is threatened, is composed of two concepts: stressors and stress reactions. A stressor is the stimulus that is perceived as a threat and arouses a stress reaction, such as a disaster or serious life event. Stress reactions are physical and mental symptoms, for example, chest tightness, dizziness, abdominal pain, dyspepsia, headache, and agitation, which are mediated by the sympathetic nervous system and stress hormones such as cortisol. These reactions, along with stress-related unhealthy behaviors, result in serious chronic diseases, including cancers and cardiovascular disease. Stress coping methods are classified into two components: cognitive behavioral interventions for stressors and mind-body interventions to reduce the stress response. Various interventions have been identified: progressive muscle relaxation, autogenic training, relaxation response, biofeedback, the emotional freedom technique, guided imagery, diaphragmatic breathing, transcendental meditation, and mindfulness-based stress reduction. Meditation and progressive muscular relaxation are well-known and widely used procedures to reduce the stress response and to improve quality of life. Further studies to establish an evidence-based standardized program that can be easily applied at the individual level are needed.

A influência da ansiedade sobre o equilíbrio postural em estudantes universitários / The influence of anxiety on postural balance in academic students

O sistema tônico postural regula a posição do corpono espaço orientando-o e equilibrando-o. Elevados níveis de ansiedadetêm sido correlacionados com as desordens do equilíbrio corporal.Objetivo: Investigar a influência do aumento nos níveis de ansiedadesobre o equilíbrio postural antes e durante um evento ansiogênico.Material e métodos: Para a análise, os participantes responderam aoInventário de Ansiedade Traço-Estado de Spielberger e o equilíbriopostural foi mensurado por meio do Biodex Balance System. Resultados:As mulheres apresentaram-se significativamente mais ansiosasque os homens. A análise correlacional entre ansiedade-traço e oíndice de oscilação médio-lateral nível 8 nas mulheres revelou correlaçãonegativa significante antes do evento. Nos homens houveum aumento significativo da estabilidade no índice de oscilaçãoantero-posterior e geral no nível 2 durante o evento ansiogênico, noentanto não houve alteração significativa nos níveis de ansiedade.Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem que a ansiedade-estado parecealterar o equilíbrio, no entanto o treinamento parece minimizarsua interferência...

The tonic postural system regulates body positionto provide spatial orientation and balance. High levels of anxietyhave been associated with body balance disorders. Aim: To investigatethe influence of increased anxiety levels on postural balancebefore and during an anxiogenic event. Material and methods: Theparticipants answered to the Spielberger State Trait Anxiety Inventoryand the postural balance was measured using the Biodex BalanceSystem. Results: Women presented themselves as significantly moreanxious than men. The correlational analysis between trait anxietyand the medial/lateral stability index level 8 showed a significantnegative correlation before the event. In men could be perceived asignificant increase of stability in antero/posterior and overall stabilityindexes in level 2 during the anxiogenic event, however therewas not a significant alteration in the anxiety levels. Conclusion:The results suggest that state anxiety seems to change the balance;however the training seems to minimize its interference...

Stress management and mind-body medicine: focusing on relaxation and meditation

Stress management is important and various stress management methods are required in the area of clinical preventive services. Although defining stress is somewhat complicated, stress can usually be divided into two concepts, stressors and the stress reaction. Stressors are stimuli that arouse the stress reaction. Examples are disasters, life events requiring changes, and everyday hassles. The stress reaction is often called the 'fight or flight reaction' and is mediated by the sympathetic nervous system and various hormones, including cortisol and catecholamine. Stress is closely related with health behaviors and several chronic diseases. Stress is measured using biological tests or self report, including questionnaires and interviews. Psychosocial Wellbeing Index-Short Form, Brief Ecounter PsychoSocial Instrument-Korean version, Global Assessment of Recent Stress Scale, and Symptom Checklist-90-Revised are examples of questionnaires that are widely used in Korea. Stress coping methods are categorized into stimuli-oriented methods, cognitive-behavioral methods, and mind-body interventions. Relaxation and meditation are widely used mind-body medical interventions. Relaxation Response and Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction are two of the most widely used meditative programs in the Western mainstream medical system. Abdominal breathing, Progressive Muscular Relaxation, relaxing imagery, Autogenic Training, and biofeedback are other well-known techniques for relaxation and stress management. Relaxation and meditation are effective in improving health behaviors and quality of life, and complement the treatment methods of various chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disorders and cancer. Relaxation and meditation also seem to be effective methods for use in clinical preventive services. Program development, standardization, and further study are necessary for more widespread use of mind-body interventions in the area of clinical preventive services.

Effect of Biofeedback-assisted Autogenic Training on Headache Activity and Mood States in Korean Female Migraine Patients

Biofeedback with or without combined autogenic training is known to be effective for the treatment of migraine. This study aimed to examine the effect of biofeedback treatment on headache activity, anxiety, and depression in Korean female patients with migraine headache. Patients were randomized into the treatment group (n=17) and monitoring group (n=15). Mood states including anxiety and depression, and psychophysiological variables such as mean skin temperature of the patients were compared with those of the normal controls (n=21). We found greater treatment response rate (defined as > or =50% reduction in headache index) in patients with biofeedback-assisted autogenic training than in monitoring group. The scores on the anxiety and depression scales in the patients receiving biofeedback-assisted autogenic training decreased after the biofeedback treatment. Moreover, the decrease in their anxiety levels was significantly related to the treatment outcome. This result suggests that the biofeedback-assisted autogenic training is effective for the treatment of migraine and its therapeutic effect is closely related to the improvement of the anxiety level.

Biofeedback-Assisted Autogenic Training for Chronic Tension-Type Headache in a Korean Population / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of biofeedback-assisted autogenic training for chronic tension-type headache, and to determine the relationship among the changes in electromyography (EMG) activity, headache activity, and mood states according to the psychophysiological treatment. METHODS: Chronic tension-type headache patients aged from 20 to 40 years (n=35) were randomized to the treatment group receiving biofeedback-assisted autogenic training (8 sessions) or the monitoring-only control group. EMG activities, headache index, and various psychological variables were examined. RESULTS: We found greater treatment response rate (> or =50% reduction in headache index) in patients with biofeedbackassisted autogenic training than in the monitoring group (61% vs. 18%; chi-square=6.882, df=1, p=0.01). There were no significant changes in the mean values of the pretreatment EMG activities across the sessions in either group (all p's>0.1). Mood states including anxiety and depression improved over time in the both groups, with the improvements being more prominent in the treatment group. Moreover, the reduction in depression level predicted treatment outcome in terms of headache index (95% confidence interval: 0.272-0.966, p=0.039). CONCLUSION: These results show that biofeedback-assisted autogenic training is effective for the treatment of chronic tension-type headache in a Korean population. Changes in mood states may be closely associated with the clinical outcome in the treatment of chronic tension-type headache using biofeedback-assisted autogenic training.

Avaliação da hipnose como recurso terapêutico na Implantodontia / Hypnosis evaluation as a therapeutic resource in dental implants

Os procedimentos cirúrgicos, especialmente na área de Implantodontia são cercados por muito temor e ansiedade por parte dos pacientes. Muito se tem feito na área desaúde para controle da dor, e vários medicamentos foram introduzidos para a melhoria deste quadro. A hipnose surgiu e era exercida mesmo antes do advento da anestesia,sendo relegada após esta; mas ainda, tem sido motivo de estudo, com ampla utilização nas mais variadas frentes com resultados animadores. Este estudo tem comoobjetivo avaliar a hipnose como recurso terapêutico em procedimento cirúrgico na Implantodontia. De acordo com a metodologia empregada, os resultados foram statisticamentesignificativos e a hipnose mostrou-se eficaz.

Aplicación de la técnica de Schultz a un caso de neurodermatitis / Application of the Schultz technique in a neurodermatitis case

Se presenta el tratamiento de un caso con neurodermatitis congénita, de una profesional psicóloga de 30 años, quien no podía controlar su conducta de rascarse, produciéndose permanentemente escoriaciones en su piel. Se aplicó el entrenamiento autógeno de Schultz, abreviado en ocho, registrándose los valores electromiográficos, a nivel frontal, y la temperatura de ambas manos, durante la práctica del procedimiento. Los resultados del tratamiento fueron exitosos en lo inmediato, con posterioridad a dicho tratamiento y a los tres meses de seguimiento. El éxito se operacionalizó en términos de lograr controlar la conducta de rascarse y posibilitar la cicatrización de las escoriaciones

Aplicación de un programa de entrenamiento para el automanejo del asma bronquial / Implementation of a bronchial asthma self-management training program

Resumen: Se realiza un estudio descriptivo de intervención y corte transversal en el universo de los asmáticos mayores de 20 años atendidos en el consultorio médico de la familia No. 18, perteneciente al área de salud del Policlínico Docente ®Héroes de Girón¼, con el objetivo de evaluar los posibles beneficios de la aplicación de un programa para el automanejo del paciente asmático adulto en la comunidad. Con la aplicación del programa se obtuvo un incremento significativo del conocimiento de la enfermedad en la totalidad de los pacientes participantes. La evolución clínica del 100 porciento de los pacientes que siguieron todo el programa mejoró o no empeoró, a diferencia de aquéllos que no lo siguieron. El grupo que cumplió el programa íntegramente logró una disminución significativa del nivel de ansiedad, lo que se interpreta como consecuencia de su mejor preparación para comprender y manejar la enfermedad

Manual para el entrenamiento en habilidades sociales

El presente documento detalla: introducción, sesión terapéutica, el entrenamiento en habilidades sociales, conductas verbales, conductas no verbales, postura corporal de pie, al caminar y sentado, reconocimiento de emociones, expresión de emociones, iniciar una conversación, mantener una conversación, terminar la conversación, dar opiniones, dar halagos, recibir halagos, hacer reclamos utilizando la técnica del disco rayado, hacer críticas constructivas, situaciones para ensayos conductuales

Técnicas alternativas para la reducción del estrés producido por la práctica profesional del cirujano dentista: el entrenamiento autógeno y la terapia racional emotiva / Alternative techniques for reducing the stress produced by the professional practice of the dental surgeon: autogenic training and rational-emotive therapy

El presente trabajo surge a partir del interés generado por la evaluación obtenida sobre los rasgos de personalidad del cirujano dentista (Ramírez & Eguiarte, 1995). Los datos encontrados muestran un alto índice de estrés como efecto de una práctica sedentaria y como conductas colaterales, irritabilidad, manías, depresión, ingestión de alcohol e inadecuada relación familiar, entre otras. En este trabajo se presentan como alternativas de afrontamiento al estrés: el entrenamiento autógeno y la terapia racional emotiva, consideradas como técnicas efectivas de autoayuda y fáciles de implementar en la vida diaria. Al mismo tiempo, se considera que al ir avanzando en la reducción del estrés, disminuirán paralelamente aquellas conductas emocionales de evasión y esto, proporcionará al individuo un estilo de vida más gratificante

Policitemia relativa: características psicológicas, estrés emocional y entrenamiento autógeno / Relative polycythemia: psychologic characteristics, emotional stress and autogenic training

En un grupo de 16 pacientes con policitemia relativa (PR) se estudió la relación de un conjunto de características psicológicas con las variaciones de los valores de hemoglobina (Hb) y hematócrito (Hto) producidas por la inducción de una variante del entrenamiento autógeno (EA) y por una situación experimental de estrés emocional. El descenso en los valores de las determinaciones hematológicas producto de la inducción del EA se vió favorecido por rasgos psicológicos tales como la comunicabilidad, espíritu de cooperación, elevado sentido de la responsabilidad y la sociabilidad. Por el contrario, la desconfianza, la suspicacia y los elementos depresivos, entorpecieron el efecto del EA en estos sujetos. El incremento de los niveles de Hb y Hto provocados por la situación de estrés, se relacionaron significativamente con la presencia de elementos psicopatológicos, fundamentalmente de ansiedad, inseguridad ansiosa y de tendencia a la depresión. Los resultados obtenidos tienden a apoyar los criterios psicogénicos acerca de la PR y destacan la necesidad de un enfoque multidisciplinario en su estudio

Fundamentos teoricos de la relajacion y aplicacion de un programa de entrenamiento autogeno a un grupo de deficientes mentales. / Theoretical basis of relaxation and use of an autogenic training program in a group of mentally deficient patients

Este articulo describe los fundamentos teoricos que sustentan el entrenamiento para la relajacion, centrandose despues en una aplicacion del entrenamiento autogeno, creado por J.H. Schultz, a un grupo de adolescentes varones deficientes mentales ligeros (33,34). Las sesiones de auto-relajacion concentrativa se llevaron a cabo durante tres meses, con una frecuencia de dos sesiones por semana, de 45 minutos cada una; se realizaron en un total 24 sesiones. El grupo se componia de ocho adolescentes que reciben tratamiento integral en un centro residencial (INRED). Al comparar la conducta de los ocho adolescentes por medio de la observacion fenomenologica antes y despues del entrenamiento, se confirma el principio de la relajacion, a saber que el desaparecido en los sujetos algunas conductas disfuncionales como tics, temblor de manos, movimientos de vaiven del cuerpo e hiperquinesia. En segundo lugar, los efectos del programa hicieron que los sujetos obtuvieran, al final del mismo una mayor atencion y concentracion en los programas de Terapia Remedial correctiva que imparte el Centro